A repository for Indigenous American language material for quantum engineering topics from the Diné/Navaho/Navajo tribe. Collected and written by Onri Jay Benally, an Indigenous American quantum hardware engineer born and raised on the Navaho tribe (Diné Bikeyah). This is a life-long project.
In January of 2024, this open-access repository became part of an approved proposal funded by the Arizona State University (ASU) Quantum Collaborative network.
The official funding start date is: June 2nd of 2025.
The official funded project name is: Quantum Hardware Engineering Education Augmented Through Navaho Linguistics.
Primary URL for the repository: OJB-Quantum/Navaho-Linguistics
- Navaho root words often start with 'a', 'b', 'h', 'n', 't', or 'y' sounds.
- Also, when a word starts with an 'a', 'e', 'i', or an 'o' sound (Navaho vowels) and their variations, it is usually preceded by an apostrophe.
- Note that since Navaho/ Navajo is a speaking-focused language, you may notice variations of word spellings in writing, whether in literature or video or other media. It is possible to provide a more correct spelling in writing when converting speech to text to accurately match the phonetics.
- Using the term 'particular' in English usually means to single out something, and the equivalent of this is used heavily in Navaho to highlight objects.
| English Term | Navaho/ Navajo Term | Literal Meaning in English |
|---|---|---|
| quantum computer | béésh tʼáá 'aníí 'á'ádaatʼéhígíí nitsékeesí | Metal or piece of metal that thinks at a truly fundamental level |
| Navaho | English |
|---|---|
| Jo dii Hoozdoh hahoodzo eii yaa, doo nidahałtingóó, dził, tsékooh, dóó dah azką́, eidigii t'aa ałtsoh Diné Bikeyah 'akwe'e sha hoghan. Dził bilááhdęęh 'akwe'e tłéego jo wót’ááhjį' alááhgo, yágháhookáán biyi'di, łees'áán yílzhódí nizhonigo adindiin. 'Akohgo 'índa ládą́ą́' k'os ádin, t’áá ákwii tł'éé' sǫ'łání dah dinisxǫs. 'Akót'áó shił yá'át'ééh. | In Arizona, there are deserts, mountains, canyons, and mesas within the Navaho Nation, my home. From the mountains and beyond, way up in the sky, in outer space, the Milky Way can be seen shining beautifully. Every night, if there are no clouds obstructing the view, one can observe so many sparkling stars. I am content with the way that this is. |
| Navaho |
|---|
| Díí atsiniltł'ish biyi' 'asdizí náás góne'é t'áá kóníghánígo 'akwe'é 'ahóodziil éídígii yidísin. T'áá bééhodoozįįł yił ałhii'níná’iidzóóh nida'ałkáá'i' Schrödinger bits’ą́ą́dę́ę́ nihinááł. |
Note: English translation is coming soon...
| Stage | English Term | Navaho Term |
|---|---|---|
| Initial Idea | Some Word | Nv = Eng |
| Nv = Eng | ||
| Nv = Eng | ||
| Final Version | Final Word | Navaho Term Spelled = [Rough Transcription] |
Generic blueprint for language breakdown from English to Navaho.
| Stage | English Term | Navaho Term |
|---|---|---|
| Initial Idea | Computer | Béésh = Metal |
| Łichííʼ = Red | ||
| Nitsékees = Think | ||
| Final Version | Computer | Béésh Łichííʼ Nitsékeesí = [A piece of copper that thinks] |
Representation of 'computer' in Navaho.
For more details, scroll further to view Onri's Two-Part Translation model.
| English | Navaho | |
|---|---|---|
| The quick brown fox | ma'ii dibéłchíʼí dilwo' or ma'ii yishtłizh dilwoʼ | |
| Lazy dog | léechąąʼí biłhóyéé' | |
| Jumped | nahachaʼ or dah nahachaʼ or dahnáníjįįh | |
| To jump | dahnáníshjį́į́h | |
| Jumping | dah naháchaʼgo | |
| Laziness | iłhóyéé' | |
| Slow or in vain | chʼééh | |
| Fast runner (quick) | dilwoʼ | |
| Final Outcome | The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog | maʼii dibéłchíʼí dilwoʼ eii léechąąʼí biłhóyéé' dahnáníjįįh |
| Full Immersion by Sight, Auditory, & Tactile Means |
|---|
| Sight = Animation & 3D models |
| Auditory = Harmonics |
| Tactility = Braille-mathematics-inspired learning |
| Category | Description |
|---|---|
| Mathematical Linguistics | - Logical operations with words. - Can be relayed through Braille, visible, or spoken text. - Aims to formalize & create syntax & morphology. |
| Linguistical Mathematics | - Semantics & philosophical-based communication. - Tendency to be abstract, indeterminate, or ambiguous. - Applies mathematical theories to understand linguistic phenomena & existing syntax. |
| Descriptive Linguistics | - Delineated, formulated, stringified, expanded, verbal communication. - Can be relayed through Braille, visible, or spoken text. - Uses the familiar syntax of one’s spoken language for comprehensive documentation. |
| Aspect | Details |
|---|---|
| Universal Nature of Geometry | - Geometry is highly visual and uses universally recognized symbols and diagrams. - Fundamental concepts like points, lines, and shapes are easily understood visually, transcending linguistic barriers. |
| Language's Mathematical Lexicon | - Requires a well-developed mathematical vocabulary. - Terms can be created or borrowed for effective communication. - Descriptions and analogies can substitute for missing terms. |
| Teaching Methods | - Visual aids (diagrams, models, animations) can overcome linguistic gaps. - Teaching in the learners' native language enhances understanding. - Multilingual strategies can support advanced topics. |
| Linguistic & Cultural Context | - Relating concepts to cultural or environmental contexts engages learners. - Indigenous languages, like Navajo, can use descriptive translations for geometric terms. |
| Technology & Tools | - Geometry software and platforms support multilingual learning. - Open Educational Resources (OERs) ensure inclusivity and access to content in various languages. |
| Challenges in Advanced Topics | - Advanced geometry topics may require more specialized terminology. - Language development and contextual examples can address this challenge. |
| Conclusion | - Basic geometry is universally teachable due to its visual and universal nature. - Advanced topics can be effectively taught with creative methods and linguistic adaptability. |
| English shape or object | Navaho (as provided) | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Cylinder or tube | Niyiz | |
| Cone | Heetsʼóóz | |
| Cube (usually wooden box) | Tsits'aa' | |
| Sphere or spherical | Nimaz | |
| Hemisphere | 'Ałníí do nimaz | maybe |
| Torus | Nazbas | nahalin |
| Pyramid | Tse bilatahji' dahees'oozgo daastl'inii | |
| Capsule | Dijool | |
| Wire | Béésh 'áłtsózí | relatively |
| Curved object | Haabas | |
| Box or wooden box | Tsitsʼaaʼ | |
| Spikey or points in different directions | Dah deeshzhah | |
| Elbow | 'Ach'oozhlaa' | |
| Arm | 'Agaan | |
| Joints | 'Ahadit'aan | |
| Chisel | Bee hahalzhishi |
| English shape or symbol | Navaho (as provided) | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Circle | Nahazbas | |
| Circular | Nazbas | |
| Semi-circle or partial circle | 'Ałníí do nazbas | |
| Ellipse | Haahideeneez | |
| Triangle | Táaʼgóó adeezʼá | |
| Right Triangle | Nishʼnáajigo heetsʼóóz | tapered on the right |
| Equilateral Triangle | ||
| Rectangle | Dik'aago heeneez | |
| Square | Dik'a | |
| Rhombus or “diamond” | Bee aditlihi | |
| Quadrilateral | Dii'go adeezʼá | |
| Parallelogram (any angle) | Naadeeki | |
| Trapezoid | 'Ałníí do heetsʼóóz or 'Ał'ąą dii'go adeezʼá or Heetsʼóózgo adeezʼá | multiple forms given |
| Kite | 'Ał'ąą bee aditlihi | maybe |
| Pentagon | 'Ashdla'góó adeezʼá | |
| Hexagon | Hastą́ą́góó adeezʼá | |
| Honeycomb-shape | Dikin | |
| Octagon | Tseebiigóó adeezʼá | |
| Wedge | Bee ałkʼíniilkaałí | |
| Chisel | Bee hahalzhishi | |
| Cross or plus | Dik'aago heeneez alnáosdzi (alnáoszid) or alnáaz'á | multiple forms given |
| U-shape | Názhah | |
| Saw-tooth type | Doolghas | |
| Wavy | Doolk'ool | |
| Coiled or spiraled | Náhineest'ee' | |
| Tapered | Hááhaaschii' | |
| Point or tip | Dah hats'os | |
| Generic polygon | <number>góó adeezʼá or <number>go adeezʼá |
placeholder forms |
| Generic symbol | <object> yishchiin |
placeholder form |
| Variation | 'Ał'ąą |
| Navaho Term | English Term |
|---|---|
| Yi- | His/her/its/their |
| Ba- | For him/her |
| Ha | His |
| Ná' | Again |
| -go | Since, because, when, during, while, being, -ly |
| -góó | To, towards, or extension of |
| -di | Times (scaled up/ down by) or at |
| -gi | At |
| -ígíí | A particular one that is |
| -ii | Similar to -er in English. A person or thing that does an action indicated by the root verb. Similar to -er in English. A person or thing that does an action indicated by the root verb. That which is of quality. That which <verb(s)>. |
| -í | The one that or the one who. |
| Bee- | By means of it, by means of, or with |
| T'áá | Just, quite, only, kind of, or sort of |
| T'óó | Quite, just, merely, just for fun |
| 'í'neel'ąąh | Measurement |
| 'í'níłdzil | Resistance or endurance |
| Báshíshchíín | I am born for him |
| 'Ánéełt'e' | Number |
| 'Ánéełt'e'ígíí | That is the particular amount or that is the particular number |
| 'Áłtsíísí | Is little |
| 'Áłch'į́dí | Insufficient |
| T'áá 'áłch'ídígo | Just a little. Just a few |
| T'áá 'átʼé | The whole thing. All of it |
| Tʼóó 'ahayói | Quite a lot. Very many |
| 'Áłch'į́į́dí | It is a small amount |
| 'Áłch'į́į́dígo | A small amount. Just a little bit |
| 'Ádin | There is nothing. Zero |
| Díkwíí? | How much is it or how many? |
| 'Ákwíí | That many |
| 'Ákwii | Thereabout, in some general area |
| 'Ákwíí bits’ą́ą́dę́ę́ | Offspring or derivative of an amount (potential new term by Onri) |
| T'áá 'ákwíí | Every or each one in the same amount |
| T'áá kóníghánígo | At every interval |
| T'áá 'áłts'íísígo | Small piece |
| T'áá 'áłch'į́į́dígo | Just a little bit. Just a few |
| Yidísin | He/she observes |
| Nánísh'įįh | To look at it. I am watching it |
| Haalzííd | It is being watched |
| 'Áhoodzaago | When it happened |
| 'Ánáhoot'įįh | It happens |
| 'Ałts'á'ii'nííł | Division |
| Dooleeł | It will be |
| Bit'áahgi | Near it. Close to it |
| Sik'az | Cold |
| Hakʼaz | Coldness. Chill. Frigidity |
| Hoozkʼaz | Place or region that is cold (such as an ice box) |
| Naʼalkid | Temperature or time (depending on context) |
| Dįį' bich'į'go naʼalkid Kelvin da'azjah | 4 degrees Kelvin |
| Bee 'azk'azi | Refrigerator |
| T'áádoole'é nabíhonitaah | Experiment |
| T'áádoole'é nabíhonitaah bee 'azk'azi | Refrigerator for experiment |
| 'Ayóo / 'Ayóó | Very. Extremely |
| 'Ayóogo | Really |
| 'Agháadi | Extreme |
| Yilááh / Bilááh / Alááh | Beyond |
| 'Ayóí | Very. Exceedingly. Remarkably (can be used at the end of a term) |
| 'Ayóígo | Very. Exceedingly. Remarkably |
| 'Á'ádaatʼéhígíí | Fundamental. Elements |
| Ndaalnishii | Workers |
| Ndaalnishígíí | Worker or employee. Those that work |
| Béé'deetą́ | Knowledge was obtained, learned, or acquired |
| Bénínáá'deetą́ | Invented. Discovered. Found. Originated |
| Bénínáá'deetánígíí | That which was invented or discovered |
| 'Ániidí | New |
| Béésh 'ayóo 'áłtsózí | Extremely small metal |
| Béésh 'áłtsózí | Wire |
| Bitsiniltł'ish ádin | Neutron (no charge) |
| Bee ídaʼneelʼąąhí | Tape measure. Something to measure by |
| Bee 'ahída'diiljeehí | Glue or solder. Something by which things can stick together |
| Íʼneelʼąąh | Measurement or magnitude determined by measuring |
| 'Áníłtso | Size of or as big as |
| 'Á'ádaatʼéhígíí bi bee 'ahída'diiljeehí | Glue by which elements can stick together |
| English Term | Navaho Term | Literal Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| Metal | Béésh | Metal |
| Precious Metal(s) | Béésh 'ílíinii | Expensive or valuable metal(s) |
| Rust | ńdiniichxii' | Became red (generally used to describe rust or oxidation) |
| Copper (Cu) | Béésh łichíí' or béésh łichíí'ii | Red metal |
| Iron (Fe) | Béésh dootł'izh | Blue metal |
| Steel (Fe–C Alloy) | Béésh nitł'izígíí | Hard or inflexible metal |
| Stainless Steel | Béésh nitł'izígíí doo ńdiniichxíihii | Hard or inflexible metal that does not rust or oxidize |
| Gold (Au) | 'óola | Gold |
| Silver (Ag) | Béésh łigaii | White metal |
| Chromium (Cr) | Béésh ... | — |
| Brass (Cu–Zn Alloy) | Béésh łitsoii | Yellow metal |
| Bronze (Cu–Sn Alloy) | Béésh dinishtsoii or béésh diniłtsoii | Dark yellow metal |
| Solder (Sn–Pb or Pb-free alloy) | Béésh bee 'ahída'diiljeehí | Metal glue |
| English Term | Symbol | Superconductivity | Navaho Term | Literal Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aluminum | Al | * | Béésh 'ádaaszóólígíí | Particular lightweight metal |
| Mercury | Hg | * | Béésh tózháanii | Metal with mushy characteristics |
| Lead | Pb | * | Dilyį́hí | Lead |
| Tin | Sn | * | Béésh kágí | Metal skin or metal hide |
| Titanium | Ti | * | Béésh doo ńdiniichxíihii | Metal that does not rust |
| Zinc | Zn | * | Béésh ... | — |
| Magnesium | Mg | (borderline) ^ | Béésh ... | — |
| Nickel | Ni | ^ | Béésh ... | — |
| Tungsten | W | ^ | Béésh ... | — |
| Platinum | Pt | (no SC) → stays here if considering alloys | Béésh ... | — |
| Cobalt | Co | (no SC) but alloys SC | Béésh ... | — |
| Manganese | Mn | (no SC) but SC compounds exist | Béésh ... | — |
| Molybdenum | Mo | * | Béésh ... | — |
| Tantalum | Ta | * | Béésh ... | — |
| Niobium | Nb | * | Béésh ... | — |
| Palladium | Pd | ^ | Béésh ... | — |
| Rhodium | Rh | ^ | Béésh ... | — |
| Ruthenium | Ru | * | Béésh ... | — |
| Iridium | Ir | ^ | Béésh ... | — |
| Gallium | Ga | * | Béésh ... | — |
| Indium | In | * | Béésh ... | — |
| Cadmium | Cd | * | Béésh ... | — |
(legend: * = ambient pressure superconductivity, ^ = superconductivity only under high pressure)
Periodic Table of Elemental Superconductors (2025)
1 H He
2 Li* Be* B^ C N O^ F Ne
3 Na Mg Al* Si^ P^ S^ Cl Ar
4 K^ Ca^ Sc^ Ti* V* Cr Mn Fe^ Co Ni Cu Zn* Ga* Ge^ As^ Se^ Br^ Kr
5 Rb^ Sr^ Y^ Zr* Nb* Mo* Tc* Ru* Rh* Pd Ag Cd* In* Sn* Sb^ Te^ I^ Xe
6 Cs^ Ba^ La* Hf* Ta* W* Re* Os* Ir* Pt Au Hg* Tl* Pb* Bi* Po At Rn
─────────────── Lanthanides ─────────────── ── Actinides ──
Ce^ Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb^ Lu^
Th* Pa* U* Np Pu Am*
legend: * superconducts at ≈ 0 GPa (ambient) ^ superconducts only under high pressure
(blank) no superconductivity yet confirmed in the pure element
| Z | Symbol | Element | Superconducting Note | Origin type | Etymology (basis) | Discovery (year) | Place |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | H | Hydrogen | ^ | Property/Composition | Greek hydro “water” + genes “forming” | 1766 | UK |
| 2 | He | Helium | Celestial/Mythology | Greek helios “sun” | 1895 (isolation) | UK | |
| 3 | Li | Lithium | * | Mineral/Geology | Greek lithos “stone” | 1817 | Sweden |
| 4 | Be | Beryllium | * | Mineral | From beryl (beryllos) | 1798 | France |
| 5 | B | Boron | ^ | Mineral | From borax (via Arabic būraq) | 1808 | UK/France |
| 6 | C | Carbon | Material | Latin carbo “coal” | Ancient | — | |
| 7 | N | Nitrogen | Property/Composition | nitron + genes “niter‑former” | 1772 | Scotland | |
| 8 | O | Oxygen | Property/Composition | oxys + genes “acid‑former” | 1774 | UK/Sweden/France | |
| 9 | F | Fluorine | Mineral/Process | fluor (flux; fluorite) | 1886 | France | |
| 10 | Ne | Neon | Property | Greek neos “new” | 1898 | UK | |
| 11 | Na | Sodium | ^ | Mineral/Material | From soda; symbol from natrium | 1807 | UK |
| 12 | Mg | Magnesium | Place | Magnesia (Greece) | 1808 | UK | |
| 13 | Al | Aluminium | * | Mineral | Latin alumen “alum” | 1825 | Denmark |
| 14 | Si | Silicon | ^ | Mineral | Latin silex/silicis “flint” | 1824 | Sweden |
| 15 | P | Phosphorus | ^ | Phenomenon | Greek phōs‑phoros “light‑bringer” | 1669 | Germany |
| 16 | S | Sulfur | ^ | Material | Latin sulfur (brimstone) | Ancient | — |
| 17 | Cl | Chlorine | Property/Appearance | Greek chlōros “pale green” | 1774 | Sweden | |
| 18 | Ar | Argon | Property/Behavior | Greek argos “inactive” | 1894 | UK | |
| 19 | K | Potassium | ^ | Material | potash; symbol from kalium | 1807 | UK |
| 20 | Ca | Calcium | ^ | Material | Latin calx “lime” | 1808 | UK |
| 21 | Sc | Scandium | ^ | Place | Scandinavia | 1879 | Sweden |
| 22 | Ti | Titanium | * | Mythology | the Titans | 1791 | UK |
| 23 | V | Vanadium | * | Mythology | Vanadis (Freyja) | 1801 | Mexico (re‑ID 1830 Sweden) |
| 24 | Cr | Chromium | ^ | Property/Appearance | Greek chroma “colour” | 1797 | France |
| 25 | Mn | Manganese | Mineral | from magnesia/manganesia | 1774 | Sweden | |
| 26 | Fe | Iron | ^ | Classical (Latin) | Latin ferrum | Ancient | — |
| 27 | Co | Cobalt | Mythology/Folklore | German Kobold “goblin” | 1735 | Sweden | |
| 28 | Ni | Nickel | Mythology/Folklore | from Kupfernickel “Old Nick’s copper” | 1751 | Sweden | |
| 29 | Cu | Copper | Place | Latin cuprum “Cyprus” | Ancient | — | |
| 30 | Zn | Zinc | * | Property/Appearance | German Zink (possibly “prong/tooth”) | 1746 | Germany |
| 31 | Ga | Gallium | * | Place/Region | Latin Gallia “Gaul/France” | 1875 | France |
| 32 | Ge | Germanium | ^ | Place/Region | Latin Germania “Germany” | 1886 | Germany |
| 33 | As | Arsenic | ^ | Mineral | Greek arsenikon (orpiment) | Ancient/Medieval | — |
| 34 | Se | Selenium | ^ | Celestial/Mythology | Greek selene “moon” | 1817 | Sweden |
| 35 | Br | Bromine | Property/Smell | Greek brōmos “stench” | 1826 | France | |
| 36 | Kr | Krypton | Property | Greek kryptos “hidden” | 1898 | UK | |
| 37 | Rb | Rubidium | ^ | Property/Colour | Latin rubidus “deep red” | 1861 | Germany |
| 38 | Sr | Strontium | ^ | Place | Strontian, Scotland | 1790 | Scotland |
| 39 | Y | Yttrium | ^ | Place | Ytterby, Sweden | 1794 | Finland (Åbo/Turku) |
| 40 | Zr | Zirconium | * | Mineral | from zircon (Persian zargun) | 1789 | Germany |
| 41 | Nb | Niobium | * | Mythology | Niobe | 1801 | UK |
| 42 | Mo | Molybdenum | * | Mineral | Greek molybdos “lead‑like” | 1778 | Sweden |
| 43 | Tc | Technetium | * | Concept/Process | Greek technetos “artificial” | 1937 | Italy |
| 44 | Ru | Ruthenium | * | Place/Region | Latin Ruthenia “Russia” | 1844 | Russia |
| 45 | Rh | Rhodium | ^ | Property/Colour | Greek rhodon “rose” | 1803 | UK |
| 46 | Pd | Palladium | ^ | Celestial/Mythology | asteroid Pallas (Athena) | 1803 | UK |
| 47 | Ag | Silver | Classical (Latin) | Latin argentum | Ancient | — | |
| 48 | Cd | Cadmium | * | Mineral | from cadmia (calamine) | 1817 | Germany |
| 49 | In | Indium | * | Property/Colour | indigo spectral line | 1863 | Germany |
| 50 | Sn | Tin | * | Classical (Latin) | Latin stannum | Ancient | — |
| 51 | Sb | Antimony | ^ | Mineral/Classical | from stibium (stibnite); origin of “antimony” uncertain | Ancient/Medieval | — |
| 52 | Te | Tellurium | ^ | Concept/Earth | Latin tellus “earth” | 1782 | Transylvania (now Romania) |
| 53 | I | Iodine | Property/Colour | Greek ioeides “violet” | 1811 | France | |
| 54 | Xe | Xenon | Property | Greek xenos “strange” | 1898 | UK | |
| 55 | Cs | Caesium | ^ | Property/Colour | Latin caesius “sky‑blue” | 1860 | Germany |
| 56 | Ba | Barium | ^ | Property | Greek barys “heavy” | 1808 | UK |
| 57 | La | Lanthanum | * | Property | Greek lanthanein “lie hidden” | 1839 | Sweden |
| 58 | Ce | Cerium | ^ | Celestial | dwarf planet Ceres | 1803 | Sweden/Germany |
| 59 | Pr | Praseodymium | ^ | Property/Colour | prasios “green” + didymos “twin” | 1885 | Austria |
| 60 | Nd | Neodymium | ^ | Concept | neos “new” + didymos “twin” | 1885 | Austria |
| 61 | Pm | Promethium | — | Mythology | Prometheus | 1945 | USA (Oak Ridge) |
| 62 | Sm | Samarium | ^ | Person (via mineral) | Samarsky‑Bykhovets (via samarskite) | 1879 | France |
| 63 | Eu | Europium | ^ | Place/Region | Europe | 1896 | France |
| 64 | Gd | Gadolinium | Person | J. Gadolin | 1880 | France | |
| 65 | Tb | Terbium | Place | Ytterby, Sweden | 1843 | Sweden | |
| 66 | Dy | Dysprosium | Property | Greek dysprositos “hard to get” | 1886 | France | |
| 67 | Ho | Holmium | Place | Holmia (Stockholm) | 1878 | Sweden | |
| 68 | Er | Erbium | Place | Ytterby, Sweden | 1843 | Sweden | |
| 69 | Tm | Thulium | Mythic geography | Thule (far north) | 1879 | Sweden | |
| 70 | Yb | Ytterbium | ^ | Place | Ytterby, Sweden | 1878 | Switzerland |
| 71 | Lu | Lutetium | ^ | Place | Lutetia (Paris) | 1907 | France |
| 72 | Hf | Hafnium | * | Place | Hafnia (Copenhagen) | 1923 | Denmark |
| 73 | Ta | Tantalum | * | Mythology | Tantalus | 1802 | Sweden |
| 74 | W | Tungsten | ^ | Mineral/Name history | Swedish “tung sten” (heavy stone); symbol from wolfram | 1783 | Spain |
| 75 | Re | Rhenium | * | Place | Rhenus (Rhine) | 1925 | Germany |
| 76 | Os | Osmium | * | Property/Smell | Greek osme “smell” | 1803 | UK |
| 77 | Ir | Iridium | * | Property/Colour | Greek iris “rainbow” | 1803 | UK |
| 78 | Pt | Platinum | Property/Material | Spanish platina “little silver” | 1735 | South America (Colombia) | |
| 79 | Au | Gold | Classical (Latin) | Latin aurum | Ancient | — | |
| 80 | Hg | Mercury | * | Mythology/Name history | Roman Mercury; symbol from hydrargyrum | Ancient | — |
| 81 | Tl | Thallium | * | Property/Colour | Greek thallos “green shoot” | 1861 | UK |
| 82 | Pb | Lead | * | Classical (Latin) | Latin plumbum | Ancient | — |
| 83 | Bi | Bismuth | * | Material/Name history | German Wismut (“white mass”) | Medieval | — |
| 84 | Po | Polonium | Place/Region | Poland | 1898 | France | |
| 85 | At | Astatine | Property/Stability | Greek astatos “unstable” | 1940 | USA | |
| 86 | Rn | Radon | Derivative/Other | from radium + “‑on” | 1900 | Germany | |
| 87 | Fr | Francium | Place/Region | France | 1939 | France | |
| 88 | Ra | Radium | Property/Phenomenon | Latin radius “ray” | 1898 | France | |
| 89 | Ac | Actinium | Property/Phenomenon | Greek aktis “ray” | 1899 | France | |
| 90 | Th | Thorium | * | Mythology | Thor | 1828 | Sweden |
| 91 | Pa | Protactinium | * | Concept/Relation | “parent of actinium” | 1917 | Germany |
| 92 | U | Uranium | * | Celestial | planet Uranus | 1789 | Germany |
| 93 | Np | Neptunium | ^ | Celestial | planet Neptune | 1940 | USA |
| 94 | Pu | Plutonium | ^ | Celestial | (then‑planet) Pluto | 1940 | USA |
| 95 | Am | Americium | ^ | Place/Region | the Americas | 1944 | USA |
| 96 | Cm | Curium | — | Person | Marie & Pierre Curie | 1944 | USA |
| 97 | Bk | Berkelium | — | Place | Berkeley | 1949 | USA |
| 98 | Cf | Californium | — | Place | California | 1950 | USA |
| 99 | Es | Einsteinium | — | Person | Albert Einstein | 1952 | Enewetak Atoll (US test) |
| 100 | Fm | Fermium | — | Person | Enrico Fermi | 1952 | Enewetak Atoll (US test) |
| 101 | Md | Mendelevium | — | Person | D. I. Mendeleev | 1955 | USA |
| 102 | No | Nobelium | — | Person | Alfred Nobel | 1966 (credit) | USSR (Dubna) |
| 103 | Lr | Lawrencium | — | Person | E. O. Lawrence | 1961 | USA |
| 104 | Rf | Rutherfordium | — | Person | Ernest Rutherford | 1969 (contested) | USA / USSR |
| 105 | Db | Dubnium | — | Place | Dubna | 1967 | USSR |
| 106 | Sg | Seaborgium | — | Person | Glenn T. Seaborg | 1974 | USA |
| 107 | Bh | Bohrium | — | Person | Niels Bohr | 1981 | Germany |
| 108 | Hs | Hassium | — | Place/Region | Hesse (Hassia) | 1984 | Germany |
| 109 | Mt | Meitnerium | — | Person | Lise Meitner | 1982 | Germany |
| 110 | Ds | Darmstadtium | — | Place | Darmstadt | 1994 | Germany |
| 111 | Rg | Roentgenium | — | Person | W. C. Röntgen | 1994 | Germany |
| 112 | Cn | Copernicium | — | Person | N. Copernicus | 1996 | Germany |
| 113 | Nh | Nihonium | — | Place | Nihon (= Japan) | 2004/2012 | Japan (RIKEN) |
| 114 | Fl | Flerovium | — | Person | G. N. Flerov | 1998 | Russia–USA |
| 115 | Mc | Moscovium | — | Place/Region | Moscow oblast | 2003 | Russia–USA |
| 116 | Lv | Livermorium | — | Place | Lawrence Livermore | 2000 | Russia–USA |
| 117 | Ts | Tennessine | — | Place/Region | Tennessee | 2010 | Russia–USA |
| 118 | Og | Oganesson | — | Person | Yuri Oganessian | 2006 | Russia–USA |
legend: * superconducts at ≈ 0 GPa (ambient) ^ superconducts only under high pressure
(blank) no superconductivity yet confirmed in the pure element
| The Initial, General Plans for This Repository Based on Onri's Prelimary Contributions: |
|---|
| ✅ Generate a table of Navaho characters in Unicode. |
| ✅ "The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog" example in Navaho. |
| ✅ Chart formation blueprint. |
| ✅ Cyrillic example for "blue" and "bee" in Navaho. |
| ✅ Generate a table of hardware-related words & phrases by Onri that need to be converted into digital text. |
| ✅ Label tunnel junctions & physical qubit components in Navaho, may include original electron micrographs & renderings in Blender. Generate device 3D models intended for comparison with micrographs. |
| ✅ Explore draw-to-text features for Navaho characters referencing Unicode. |
| 🔳 Quantum device spectroscopy, reflectometry, & benchmarking terms in Navaho. |
| 🔳 Incorporation of hybrid qubit terms, able to future support quantum hardware publication. |
| 🔳 Potential descriptions of fractals & recursion. |
| 🔳 Potential contributions to Qiskit/ Qiskit Metal documentation in Navaho (from paper to GitHub pull requests). |
The next table is more formal and organized to allow for team member contribution from the funded version of the the project.
| # | Project Deliverable | Core Participants | Current Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Language-Tree Formation for the Team | Onri, Noah, Mural, Mohamad | Completed |
| 2 | Category-Based Cryostat/ Dilution-Fridge Image Collection | Onri, Noah, Mural, Mohamad | Completed |
| 3 | General Geometry (2-D/ 3-D) Terminology Table | Onri, Mohamad, Mural | Completed |
| 4 | Electromagnetic-Spectrum Terminology Table | Onri, Mohamad | Partially Completed |
| 5 | English-Braille → Navaho-Braille Conversion for Linguistics & Quantum-Ed. (3-D-printing involved) |
Onri, Noah | Partially Completed |
| 6 | Medical-Hardware vs Quantum-Hardware Terminology Table | Onri, Mural, Mohamad | Partially Completed |
| 7 | Blender 3-D Model of Basic Quantum Devices/ Cryogenic Chambers | Onri, Mohamad, Mural | Partially Completed |
| 8 | GPU-Accelerated Linguistics/ Semantic-Shift Simulation (Google Colab) | Onri, Noah, Mural | Completed |
| 9 | QPU-Based Linguistics/ Semantic-Shift Simulation (Google Colab) | Onri | Not Started Yet |
| 10 | Pseudo-Device: Basic SEM/ High-Res LASER 3-D Imaging | Onri | Not Started Yet |
| 11 | LaTeX Documentation of the Project (Overleaf + TikZ) | Onri | Partially Completed |
| 12 | Non-Superconducting Metals Terminology Table | Onri | Completed |
| 13 | Superconducting Metals Terminology Table | Onri | Not Started Yet |
| 14 | Poster of Normal and Superconducting Metals in Navaho | Onri | Not Started Yet |
A reasonable goal is to be able to complete 3 to 4 deliverables per month. Employ the leap frog approach, by working on at least 2 deliverables simulataneously, but at a different paces each.
Notes:
- The Cryostats to be rendered for later labeling should be focused on the large-frame DR, floor standing cryostat (cryogen-free PPMS-type), and floor standing cryostat (liquid cryogen Dewar type).
- Send cryogenic coils and other curved objects as blend files to Mohamad and Mural.
- Native-Level or Fluent: can fully self-translate and interpret fluidly, with little to no errors.
- High Comprehension: can read, listen, speak or write, and even translate, with occasional errors.
- Intermediate Receptive: can read, listen, and possibly speak some phrases up to a limit.
- Rudimentary Comprehension: can listen and pick out isolated words, with limited to no exposure.
- Navaho (Native-Level)
- Other Athabaskan Languages
- Western Apache (High Comprehension)
- Chiricahua Apache (High Comprehension)
- Other Dene languages (High Comprehension)
- Other Athabaskan Languages
- English (Native-Level)
- Other Germanic Languages
- West Germanic
- German (Intermediate Receptive)
- Dutch (Intermediate Receptive)
- Afrikaans (Rudimentary Comprehension)
- North Germanic
- Swedish (Intermediate Receptive)
- West Germanic
- Other Germanic Languages
- Russian (High Comprehension)
- Other Slavic Languages
- East Slavic
- Ukrainian (Intermediate Receptive)
- Belarusian (Intermediate Receptive)
- West Slavic
- Polish (Intermediate Receptive)
- Czech (Rudimentary Comprehension)
- South Slavic
- Serbian (Intermediate Receptive)
- East Slavic
- Other Slavic Languages
- Korean (Native-Level)
- Other Korean Languages
- Chungcheong (High Comprehension)
- Jeolla (High Comprehension)
- Gyeongsang (High Comprehension)
- Gangwon (High Comprehension)
- Jeju (High Comprehension)
- Other Korean Languages
- English (Native-Level)
- Arabic (Native-Level)
- Other Arabic Languages
- Sudanese Arabic (Native-Level)
- Other Arabic Languages
- English (Native-Level)
- English (Native-Level)
- Somali (Native-Level)
(For more information, see the following document: Cryostat Market)
CRYOGENIC VESSELS
├─ Passive Vessels (no active temp control)
│ └─ Dewars [L] [vacuum-insulated storage]
│ ├─ Static/ Storage Dewar [L]
│ ├─ Transport Dewar (road/ air) [L]
│ └─ Open "bucket" Dewar (bench-top dip) [L]
│
└─ Cryostats (active temp control)
├─ Liquid-Filled Platforms [L]
│ ├─ Bath Cryostat [L]
│ │ ├─ LN2 bath (~77 K) [L]
│ │ └─ LHe bath (4.2 K; pumped 1 K pot) [L]
│ └─ Continuous-Flow Cryostat (4 K – 300 K; fed from external Dewar) [L]
├─ Closed-Cycle Platforms "Dry" [D]
│ ├─ Gifford–McMahon (GM) head (≈ 2 – 4 K) [D]
│ └─ Pulse-Tube (PT) head (≈ 2 – 4 K; low vibration) [D]
│ └─ Dilution Refrigerator (< 10 mK) [D‡]
└─ Ultra-Low-T Inserts (mount on any 2–4 K stage)
├─ DR inserts [L/D]
├─ ADR/ PDR 50 – 100 mK [L/D]
├─ 3He Sorption Cooler 250 – 400 mK [L/D]
└─ Pumped-4He 1 K Stage/ VTI [L/D]
Legend
[L] Requires stored liquid cryogen
[D] Cryogen-free mechanical (GM or PT) cooler
[L/D] Available in both wet-dipstick and dry bolt-on versions
[D‡] > 90 % of new DRs ship cryogen-free; a few legacy wet dip-stick units still exist
---
Form-Factor Families ─ Dilution Refrigerators/ Non-Dilution Cryostats/ Paired Dewar Vessels
├─ Table-Top/ Insert (< 0.5 m²)
│ ├─ DR attocube attoDRY-800/ -1100
│ ├─ DR Cryogenic Ltd STM-insert DRs (UHV tubes)
│ └─ Dewar KGW-Isotherm lab borosilicate/ stainless hybrids (< 30 L)
│
├─ Ultra-Compact Floor (≈ 0.6 – 0.8 m²)
│ ├─ DR Bluefors Ultra-Compact LD (≤ 300 mm plate)
│ ├─ DR Maybell The Fridge (≤ 10 mK; > 500 µW @ 100 mK; > 35 L below MXC; compact square footprint)
│ └─ Dewar Statebourne Cryolab & CryoCycl LN₂ micro-bulk (30 – 60 L)
│
├─ Compact Floor-Standing (≈ 1 m²)
│ ├─ DR Bluefors LD/ SD
│ ├─ DR FormFactor-HPD JDry-400 · LF-400
│ ├─ DR Oxford Instruments Proteox S
│ ├─ DR Quantum Design PPMS DynaCool + DR insert
│ ├─ Non-DR Quantum Design PPMS DynaCool (no DR insert)
│ ├─ Non-DR Quantum Design VersaLab
│ ├─ Non-DR Quantum Design MPMS-3 SQUID
│ └─ Dewar Cryofab CMSH liquid-helium Dewars (20 – 500 L)
│
├─ Large-Frame (≥ 1 m²)
│ ├─ DR Bluefors XLD/ XL
│ ├─ DR FormFactor-HPD XLF-600
│ ├─ DR Oxford Instruments Proteox MX/ LX
│ ├─ DR ICE Oxford DRY-ICE Eden
│ ├─ DR Zero Point Cryogenics Model L
│ ├─ DR Leiden Cryogenics CF-CS-XXL/ 1 m plate
│ ├─ DR Maybell The Big Fridge (> 130 L below MXC)
│ └─ Dewar Wessington PV/ TPV tanks · Cryo Diffusion LO/ CDB series (> 1,000 L)
│
└─ Data-Center/ XXL (> 1.4 m² · multi-PT stacks)
├─ DR Bluefors KIDE (1.6 m² flange)
├─ DR Cryoconcept HEXA-DRY XXL (Ø 800 mm)
├─ DR QuantumCTek EZ-Q (mass-production line)
├─ DR ULVAC next-gen DR (IBM co-design, slated ≥ 2026)
└─ Dewar Taiyo Nippon Sanso bulk LN₂ tanks · Sumitomo (SHI) GM-precooled LHe vessels
DR: Dilution Refrigerator
MXC: Mixing Chamber
| Passive‑vessel subtype | Common cryogens† | Practical temperature floor* | Core thermal/ safety constraints |
|---|---|---|---|
| Open “bucket” (wide‑mouth Dewar) | LN₂, LAr (occasionally LO₂ for spot cleaning) | 77 K (LN₂)/ 87 K (LAr) | Violent bubbling on warm insertion; splash, frost & rapid O₂ enrichment; zero over‑pressure protection — must remain vented (ehs.lbl.gov) |
| Static storage Dewar (bench or floor, non‑pressurized) |
LN₂, LAr, LO₂, LHe (with LN₂ shield) | 4.2 K for LHe (inner can) ≈ 77 K for LN₂ shield |
Multilayer insulation (MLI) plus <10⁻⁵ mbar vacuum to limit radiative & gaseous conduction loads; vented neck to avoid plug ice; shield‑fill adds ≈1 W latent load per liter (americanmagnetics.com, EHRS) |
| Transport Dewar/ ISO tank (road, sea, or air certified) |
LN₂, LHe, LH₂ (ISO‑T75) | 4.2 K (LHe)/ 20.3 K (LH₂) | Must survive continuous vibration & shocks (ADR, IMDG, IATA); dual or triple pressure‑relief trains sized for full flash; seismic‑stop frame & slosh‑baffle for air cargo (Wessington, cryotherminc.com, ehs.lbl.gov) |
†LO₂ and LH₂ add powerful oxidizer/flammability hazards and are therefore restricted to specially cleaned, oxygen‑compatible or hydrogen‑compatible hardware. *Temperature “floor” means the minimum bath temperature achievable at 1 atm with pure, saturated liquid of the listed cryogen(s).
- Thermos™: commercial trademark (1904) for consumer Dewars (vacuum insulated flask); illustrates the generalization of the scientific invention.
- Cryostat: a portmanteau of Greek κρύος (kryos, “frost”) + -stat (“to make stand, hold”), literally “cold-keeper.”
- Dewar or Dewar flask: is essentially an ultra-efficient, vacuum-insulated “thermos.” Dewar is named after its inventor, Sir James Dewar (1842-1923).
- Open Dewars become impractical for helium because superfluid He-II (below 2.17 K) can “creep” up walls (Rollin film) and escape.
- For millikelvin work, you attach an insert (e.g., dilution refrigerator) to a 4 K flange.
- Some modern laboratories skip stored liquids entirely by tying the “Cryostat” branch’s pulse-tube coolers straight to a helium-recovery compressor; nevertheless, Dewars are still ubiquitous for transport, purge, and backup.
- Dilution (as in “dilution refrigerator”): from Latin diluere “to wash away/thin out,” via the French term “dilution”. In a dilution refrigerator the thinning of a ³He-rich phase into a ⁴He-rich phase at ≈ 0.87 K absorbs heat (enthalpy of mixing), allowing continuous cooling to <10 mK. The idea was proposed by Heinz London (1951) and first realized experimentally by the Cambridge–Oxford collaboration in the early 1960s; the term “dilution refrigerator” cemented itself as the technology matured through the 1970s.
| Term | OEM language | Function |
|---|---|---|
| XLDsl Dilution Refrigerator Measurement System | Marketed as a cryogen-free DR measurement system with large experimental space. | The entire fridge (including still, heat-exchangers, mixing chamber) is already inside the vacuum can. |
| High-Density Wiring (side-load or top-load) | Bluefors calls the modular wiring loom “High-Density Wiring,” compatible with XLD. | Provides hundreds of coax/twisted-pair lines; resembles a metallic “chandelier.” |
| Colloquial “chandelier” | Community photos and forum threads show the gold-plated wiring tree hanging from the mixing chamber. | Visual nickname, not a refrigeration stage. |
Key idea: the chandelier is part of the wiring infrastructure, not the refrigeration insert. You can call it a high-density wiring chassis, a modular loom that brings hundreds of coax, twisted-pair, optical fiber, or ribbon lines down to the mixing-chamber plate. In Bluefors systems the dilution unit is permanently integrated; users add or swap chandeliers (wiring modules, attenuators, filters) to suit qubit count, signal bandwidth, or device technology.
| Indicator | Dilution Refrigerator Insert | Wiring “Chandelier” |
|---|---|---|
| Contains still, heat-exchangers, mixing chamber | Yes | No |
| Circulates ³He/⁴He mixture | Yes | No |
| Must connect to gas-handling system | Yes | No |
| Bolts to 50 mK plate; routes cables & attenuators | Optional plate on bottom | Primary purpose |
| Delivered as stand-alone module for a pre-existing 4 K cryostat | DynaCool DR insert (dry) | N/A—comes with chassis |
Google Drive for Saved Images of Cryostats and More
| Supported in Google Translate | Not Supported |
|---|---|
| Quechua, Guarani, Aymara, Nahuatl (Eastern Huasteca), Inuktut | Navaho/ Navajo, Cherokee, Cree, Ojibwe, & most U.S. Native languages |
With the framework produced in this repository, it may be possible to provide the data neccessary to train machines on at least the translation of technical terms, such as quantum technology.
Additionally, a GPU-accelerated semantic shift simulation was produced initially in English by Onri, but can be expanded to the Navaho/ Navajo linguistics framework and compared with Onri's own translation examples for fine-tuning.
In summer of 2024, the thought of exploring Navajo/ Navaho Braille together with Nemeth (Braille mathematics) came to mind. Although advanced mathematics topics are covered using Nemeth, it would be interesting to see it combined with Navaho/ Navajo Braille to express terms used in quantum mechanics and quantum computing. I created a simple tool to help with this idea based on Braille dot generation for expressing quantum mechanics equations and terms: https://github.com/OJB-Quantum/LaTeX-to-Nemeth-Braille-to-SVG
If a language relies less on phonetics or pronunciation based on the spelling, then it is apparent that it requires more memorization. The memorization is of association of pronunciation with a particularly spelled word.
Based on some deductive reasoning, this would mean that languages that are heavily phonetic require less memorization of the association mentioned above. However, for languages that are heavily weighted on speaking rather than writing, would require relatively even more memorization.
Note: Unicode is mentioned in this project due to its convenience of character generation when one desires to correctly spell Navaho words. This form of character generation may provide a robust sequence of protocols for practical language usage in digital form, further strengthening any future initiatives to automate Navaho translation. Another interesting thing is that there are Navaho medical documentation on instrumentation that may be helpful in translating hardware-related topics. This includes microscopes and other advanced spectroscopy techniques in Navaho that we can borrow ideas from for this project.
A recent paper was published on large language model (LLM) identification of Navaho characters with 100% accuracy. This is big news because this project has so far produced a whole Navaho unicode table already, which could be used for efforts on getting the Navaho language and more native North American languages on Google Translate. Here are two links to the 2025 paper: Association for Computational Linguistics, Dartmouth College
| Quantum Hardware Engineering Resources For Reference |
| Private Link for Onri's Quantum Team to Translation Table Elements |
|---|
| Navaho Translation Table - Onri's Quantum Hardware Team @UMN |
| A few examples of Onri's contributions to English-Navaho dictionary on Glosbe: |
|---|
| Electron spin |
| Intervals |
| His/her brain |
| Oak |
(There is a longer list of the translations I made, which will soon be uploaded in the folders above).
Borrowed from: Gao et al., Practical Guide for Building Superconducting Quantum Devices PRX Quantum 2, 040202 (2021)
https://doi.org/10.1103/PRXQuantum.2.040202
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
Note: Navaho translation for cryogenic dilution fridge is coming soon...
Rendered in Blender.
Rendered in Blender.
Image courtesy of Dr. Olivia Lanes via Qiskit on YouTube.
Showing classical data inputs and classical data outputs, which should be paid close attention to if one desires to build a real quantum computer. Note that one of the main goals in the practical setup of quantum computers is the manipulation of “the quantum object”, which is a size-dependent device or atomic structure, with a natural or designed resonance frequency. This also means that it is typically placed under isolated physical conditions as well (e.g. refrigeration, vacuum sealing, radiation shielding, etc.). Courtesy of Olivier Ezratty’s Understanding Quantum Technologies 2024 book.
To access the full PDF booklet, click here.
| Google Colab Notebook Demonstrating the UTF-8 Encoding of the Navaho Language Characters | |
|---|---|
| Navaho to UTF-8 |  |
Navaho/ Navajo Character to UTF-8 Encoding by O.J.B. Click here for PDF.
Click here to view or download Onri's Navaho/ Navajo Character-to-UTF-8 Encoding Google Sheets file.
| Navaho Character | [UTF-8] "U+" Notation | [UTF-8] "\u" Notation |
|---|---|---|
| A | U+0041 | \u0041 |
| a | U+0061 | \u0061 |
| B | U+0042 | \u0042 |
| b | U+0062 | \u0062 |
| Ch | U+0043 U+0068 | \u0043\u0068 |
| ch | U+0063 U+0068 | \u0063\u0068 |
| Ch' | U+0043 U+0068 U+0027 | \u0043\u0068\u0027 |
| ch' | U+0063 U+0068 U+0027 | \u0063\u0068\u0027 |
| D | U+0044 | \u0044 |
| d | U+0064 | \u0064 |
| Dl | U+0044 U+006C | \u0044\u006C |
| dl | U+0064 U+006C | \u0064\u006C |
| Dz | U+0044 U+007A | \u0044\u007A |
| dz | U+0064 U+007A | \u0064\u007A |
| E | U+0045 | \u0045 |
| e | U+0065 | \u0065 |
| G | U+0047 | \u0047 |
| g | U+0067 | \u0067 |
| Gh | U+0047 U+0068 | \u0047\u0068 |
| gh | U+0067 U+0068 | \u0067\u0068 |
| H | U+0048 | \u0048 |
| h | U+0068 | \u0068 |
| Hw | U+0048 U+0077 | \u0048\u0077 |
| hw | U+0068 U+0077 | \u0068\u0077 |
| I | U+0049 | \u0049 |
| i | U+0069 | \u0069 |
| J | U+004A | \u004A |
| j | U+006A | \u006A |
| K | U+004B | \u004B |
| k | U+006B | \u006B |
| K' | U+004B U+0027 | \u004B\u0027 |
| k' | U+006B U+0027 | \u006B\u0027 |
| Kw | U+004B U+0077 | \u004B\u0077 |
| kw | U+006B U+0077 | \u006B\u0077 |
| L | U+004C | \u004C |
| l | U+006C | \u006C |
| Ł | U+0141 | \u0141 |
| ł | U+0142 | \u0142 |
| M | U+004D | \u004D |
| m | U+006D | \u006D |
| N | U+004E | \u004E |
| n | U+006E | \u006E |
| O | U+004F | \u004F |
| o | U+006F | \u006F |
| S | U+0053 | \u0053 |
| s | U+0073 | \u0073 |
| Sh | U+0053 U+0068 | \u0053\u0068 |
| sh | U+0073 U+0068 | \u0073\u0068 |
| T | U+0054 | \u0054 |
| t | U+0074 | \u0074 |
| T' | U+0054 U+0027 | \u0054\u0027 |
| t' | U+0074 U+0027 | \u0074\u0027 |
| Tł | U+0054 U+0142 | \u0054\u0142 |
| tł | U+0074 U+0142 | \u0074\u0142 |
| Tł' | U+0054 U+0142 U+0027 | \u0054\u0142\u0027 |
| tł' | U+0074 U+0142 U+0027 | \u0074\u0142\u0027 |
| Ts | U+0054 U+0073 | \u0054\u0073 |
| ts | U+0074 U+0073 | \u0074\u0073 |
| Ts' | U+0054 U+0073 U+0027 | \u0054\u0073\u0027 |
| ts' | U+0074 U+0073 U+0027 | \u0074\u0073\u0027 |
| W | U+0057 | \u0057 |
| w | U+0077 | \u0077 |
| X | U+0058 | \u0058 |
| x | U+0078 | \u0078 |
| Y | U+0059 | \u0059 |
| y | U+0079 | \u0079 |
| Z | U+005A | \u005A |
| z | U+007A | \u007A |
| ... | ||
| aa | U+0061 U+0061 | \u0061\u0061 |
| á | U+00E1 | \u00E1 |
| áá | U+00E1 U+00E1 | \u00E1\u00E1 |
| ą | U+0105 | \u0105 |
| ąą | U+0105 U+0105 | \u0105\u0105 |
| ą́ | U+0105 U+0301 | \u0105\u0301 |
| ą́ą́ | U+0105 U+0301 U+0105 U+0301 | \u0105\u0301\u0105\u0301 |
| ... | ||
| aá | U+0061 U+00E1 | \u0061\u00E1 |
| aą | U+0061 U+0105 | \u0061\u0105 |
| aą́ | U+0061 U+0105 U+0301 | \u0061\u0105\u0301 |
| ... | ||
| áa | U+00E1 U+0061 | \u00E1\u0061 |
| áą | U+00E1 U+0105 | \u00E1\u0105 |
| áą́ | U+00E1 U+0105 U+0301 | \u00E1\u0105\u0301 |
| ... | ||
| ąa | U+0105 U+0061 | \u0105\u0061 |
| ąá | U+0105 U+00E1 | \u0105\u00E1 |
| ąą́ | U+0105 U+0105 U+0301 | \u0105\u0105\u0301 |
| ... | ||
| ą́a | U+0105 U+0301 U+0061 | \u0105\u0301\u0061 |
| ą́á | U+0105 U+0301 U+00E1 | \u0105\u0301\u00E1 |
| ą́ą | U+0105 U+0301 U+0105 | \u0105\u0301\u0105 |
| ... | ||
| ee | U+0065 U+0065 | \u0065\u0065 |
| é | U+00E9 | \u00E9 |
| éé | U+00E9 U+00E9 | \u00E9\u00E9 |
| ę | U+0119 | \u0119 |
| ęę | U+0119 U+0119 | \u0119\u0119 |
| ę́ | U+0119 U+0301 | \u0119\u0301 |
| ę́ę́ | U+0119 U+0301 U+0119 U+0301 | \u0119\u0301\u0119\u0301 |
| ... | ||
| eé | U+0065 U+00E9 | \u0065\u00E9 |
| eę | U+0065 U+0119 | \u0065\u0119 |
| eę́ | U+0065 U+0119 U+0301 | \u0065\u0119\u0301 |
| ... | ||
| ée | U+00E9 U+0065 | \u00E9\u0065 |
| éę | U+00E9 U+0119 | \u00E9\u0119 |
| éę́ | U+00E9 U+0119 U+0301 | \u00E9\u0119\u0301 |
| ... | ||
| ęe | U+0119 U+0065 | \u0119\u0065 |
| ęé | U+0119 U+00E9 | \u0119\u00E9 |
| ęę́ | U+0119 U+0119 U+0301 | \u0119\u0119\u0301 |
| ... | ||
| ę́e | U+0119 U+0301 U+0065 | \u0119\u0301\u0065 |
| ę́ę | U+0119 U+0301 U+0119 | \u0119\u0301\u0119 |
| ę́é | U+0119 U+0301 U+00E9 | \u0119\u0301\u00E9 |
| ... | ||
| ii | U+0069 U+0069 | \u0069\u0069 |
| í | U+00ED | \u00ED |
| íí | U+00ED U+00ED | \u00ED\u00ED |
| į | U+012F | \u012F |
| įį | U+012F U+012F | \u012F\u012F |
| į́ | U+012F U+0301 | \u012F\u0301 |
| į́į́ | U+012F U+0301 U+012F U+0301 | \u012F\u0301\u012F\u0301 |
| ... | ||
| ií | U+0069 U+00ED | \u0069\u00ED |
| iį | U+0069 U+012F | \u0069\u012F |
| iį́ | U+0069 U+012F U+0301 | \u0069\u012F\u0301 |
| ... | ||
| íi | U+00ED U+0069 | \u00ED\u0069 |
| íį | U+00ED U+012F | \u00ED\u012F |
| íį́ | U+00ED U+012F U+0301 | \u00ED\u012F\u0301 |
| ... | ||
| įi | U+012F U+0069 | \u012F\u0069 |
| įí | U+012F U+00ED | \u012F\u00ED |
| įį́ | U+012F U+012F U+0301 | \u012F\u012F\u0301 |
| ... | ||
| į́i | U+012F U+0301 U+0069 | \u012F\u0301\u0069 |
| į́í | U+012F U+0301 U+00ED | \u012F\u0301\u00ED |
| į́į | U+012F U+0301 U+012F | \u012F\u0301\u012F |
| ... | ||
| oo | U+006F U+006F | \u006F\u006F |
| ó | U+00F3 | \u00F3 |
| óó | U+00F3 U+00F3 | \u00F3\u00F3 |
| ǫ | U+01EB | \u01EB |
| ǫǫ | U+01EB U+01EB | \u01EB\u01EB |
| ǫ́ | U+01EB U+0301 | \u01EB\u0301 |
| ǫ́ǫ́ | U+01EB U+0301 U+01EB U+0301 | \u01EB\u0301\u01EB\u0301 |
| ... | ||
| oó | U+006F U+00F3 | \u006F\u00F3 |
| oǫ | U+006F U+01EB | \u006F\u00EB |
| oǫ́ | U+006F U+01EB U+0301 | \u006F\u01EB\u0301 |
| ... | ||
| óo | U+00F3 U+006F | \u00F3\u006F |
| óǫ | U+00F3 U+01EB | \u00F3\u01EB |
| óǫ́ | U+00F3 U+01EB U+0301 | \u00F3\u01EB\u0301 |
| ... | ||
| ǫo | U+01EB U+006F | \u01EB\u006F |
| ǫó | U+01EB U+00F3 | \u01EB\u00F3 |
| ǫǫ́ | U+01EB U+01EB U+0301 | \u01EB\u01EB\u0301 |
| ... | ||
| ǫ́o | U+01EB U+0301 U+006F | \u01EB\u0301\u006F |
| ǫ́ǫ | U+01EB U+0301 U+01EB | \u01EB\u0301\u01EB |
| ǫ́ó | U+01EB U+0301 U+00F3 | \u01EB\u0301\u00F3 |
| ... | ||
| ń | U+0144 | \u0144 |
Note: I made sources available in this repository to be generally open access, while others are "copyrighted unless used for educational purposes". This repository intends to produce educational material in the same light. See http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-EDU/1.0/ for more details on the permissions allowed by those respective authors.
Onri's bio in Navaho: 'Aoo', yá'át'ééh. T'aa iyisi baa 'axhééhnisin. Hastiin Biłééhóziní Binalí 'akót'áó shi zhi', kótʼéego. 'Ako shik'a'i dii shi zhi' łaʼ sheiníʼą́ dikwii naahai yęę dą́ą́. T'aadoo shi ei Táchii'nii nishłį, Naakaii Dine'é 'báshíshchíín, Bit'ahnii dashicheii, Kinłichíi'nii dashináli, Ta'neeszahnii dashicheii 'alááhgo, dóó 'Áshįįhí dashinaakidi nácheii. 'Áádóó, Tsé Chʼil Yaa Tó go ei naashá. 'Akót'áó Diné nishłį. 'Axhéhee'.
(Bik'idadi'diitį́į́ł = We will understand it) - Onri